Viikkosanomat, September 10, 1984

              For the developing countries the outflow of
scientists engineers doctors surgeons and
other skilled people - often educated at
great expense - implies a significant loss of
human capital and consequently a
substantial diminution of their
technological capability As it is the
technologically backward poorer countries
which pass a lot of their technological
assets each year to the richer countries this
phenomenon has been termed a "reverse"
transfer of technology The causes of the
"brain drain" as it is popularly called have
been described as being a combination of
"push" (inside) and "puli" (outside) factors
The outflovv of trained personnel to
developed capitahst countries has reached
massive proportions during the last twenty
years
It has been estimated that betvveen 1961
and 1972 around 400000 skilled people
migrated from developing countries to
industrialized developed countries
Economic recession in the developed
countries has not changed this picture
despite the slackening rate of economic
growth the admission of skilled people in
the United States - by far the largest
country of immigration - increased
substantially during the 1970s in
comparison with the period 1961-19- 70:
out of 250000 skilled persons migrating to
the USA during 1974-19- 79 as many as
190000 or 75 per cent vvere from
developing countries This migration has in
fact occurred while developing countries
have made substantial efforts to increase
skill formation in their own countries
shown by the fact that in 1980 more than
25 per cent of university students in the
world were in developing countries
What this represents is a fundamental
contradiction in the contemporary
migration system in the sense that at a
crucial time when developing countries are
focusing their efforts on the mobilization
$2& Q M
By Carolyn Hoskins
VVhether "blonds have more
fun" may be debatable but
blonds definitely have more
skin cancer — seven times more
than black-haire- d persons a
recent study has found
The Iarge study just com-plet- ed
examines over 1000 res-iden- ts
of Canada's four West-ern
provinces RP Gallagher
of the Cancer Control Agency
of BC and Dr JM EKvood
of the University of Not-tingham
England and their co-work- ers
sought to define the
nsk factors for this rapidly
increasing form of cancer
The researchers found that
blond-haire- d persons werc
seven times more prone to me-lanoma
(skin cancer) than
black-haire- d people The risk
decreased proportionately as
hair color darkened In other
words people with interme-diat- e
hair color had a risk of
skin cancer midway between
the risks for blonds and black-haire- d
individuals
Each subject who vvas a
recently diagnosed victim of
malignant melanoma was
matched for age sex and pro-vin- ce
of residence with a Con-trol
subject chosen from the
general population
Patients and controls were
interviewed in their homes by
trained examiners using a
standardized questionnaire
Information was obtained
about physical appearance
12
y ir't V -- if (V PriJ V-- a Ifjinjft
II 1 I
t M rw
Vl-M- l
A Few Facts
Brain
and deployment of their resources in order
to break the vicious circle of their poverty
and underdevelopment many of the most
qualified of their labour force leave their
own countries to contribute instead to the
expansion of national output and wealth in
the industrialized countries Because the
last ones have more advanced economic
systems and greater resources at their
disposal they are in a strong position to
exercise the puli In the past as well as in
the present they have encouraged this flow
Due to the growing dimensions of this
problem the United Nations' Conference
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
has been actively involved in the brain
drain since 1972 - studying the causes
magnitudes composition and direction of
the skilled flows as well as their policy
implications A crucial step in coming to
grips with it is agreement on the feasibility
of measuring human resource flows an
Intergovernmental Group of Experts met in
Geneva in September 1982 but no final
agreement could be reached on the terms of
reference for the subsequent meeting In
December 1982 the UNO General
Assembly requested UNCTAD in a
resolution to "formulate recommendations
on policies and concrete measures with a
view to mitigating the adverse
consequences for the developing countries
of the reverse transfer of technology" For
another meeting of experts in Geneva from
August 29 to September 7 1983 the
UNCTAD secretariat prepared a study
entitled: "Towards an integrated approach
to international skill exchange: proposals
for policy and action on reverse transfer of
technology"
The study quotes a number of
resolutions and concedes that "the
consensus reached so far has not succeeded
in evolving in an explicit and
comprehensive way recommendations for
action at the international level" In a
places of residence occupation
recreation and vacation habits
medical history and ethnic
background
Color of skin hair and eyes
amount of childhood and ado-lesce- nt
frcckhng as well as sen-sitivi- ty
to sunburn and tanning
3231
were determined for ?ach
subject
Allhough frequent sunburn-in- g
and poor tanning are linked
to an increased incidence of
skin cancer the researchers feel
the risk is tied to light skin pig-mentati- on:
the lighter the skin
the more hkely repeated sun-burn
is to trigger cancer
People with light skin color
(assessed on the upper inner
arm) have two and one half
times the skin cancer nsk of
pepple with darker skin the
researchers report Eye color
seemed not to be significant
Subjects who had heavy
NEW TIMES
Nine years ago the heads of 33 European states the
USA and Canada affixed their signatures to the Final Act
of the Conference on Security and Co-operati- on in Eu-rope
and solemnly pledged themselves to make detente a
confinuous and viable process
The Helsinki Conference has resulted in a broadening of
bileteral and multilateral contacts and Interstate consulta-tion- s
in the development of mutually profitable co-operat- ion
in various fields The Soviet Union and other socialisl
countries continue to prove by practical deeds thei
adherence to the principles laid down by the Conlerence
Had the Western states taken the same approach the world
would not havo been on the brink' of a thermonuclear
catastrophe and detente would have made steady progress
in Europe
This was pointed out at the Moscow conference of repre-sentativ- es
of the Soviet publie sponsored by the Soviet
Commirfee for European Security and Co-operati-on
to mark
the nlnth anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act The main
jource of danger lies in the West s attempts to solve inter-national
disputes not af the negotiating table but by force
number of developing countries policies
have been implemented te mitigate the
negative impact of the brain drain and have
fallen into three categories: (1) regulatory
or restrictive (2) incentive and (3) de-linki- ng
or self-relia-nt policies In addition to
other problems and complications it is not
easy for governments to win publie
approval for such an approach especially
on foreign education On the whole the
report concludes national policies by
developing countries cannot be expected to
succeed in solving the problem
The study also summanzes the
suggestions and openly says that "so far
however the developed countries have not
accepted any of these proposals" In
slogans we can mention "Payments
schemes for the exchange of skills"
"Establishment of norms and standards for
skill exchange" and especially interesting
from the journalists' point of view
"Schemes for collection of information and
monitoring" - concerning the lack of
adequate and systematic information on the
composition and magnitude of skill flows
and on national policies and measures
dealing with the problem Establishing a
better system of information exchange
based on effective collection and
dissemination of the relevant data is
therefore an important component of an
integrated program
The experts recommended that they
would convene again before the 5th session
of the UNCTAD Committee on Transfer
of Technology - to be held towards the end
of 1984 - to continue their discussion on
how such an internationally agreed set of
definitions could be established and how to
improve the data base and information on
quantitative and qualitative aspects of
reverse transfer of technology and the
dissemination of such information
(Based on UNCTAD Bulletin)
33-8- 4
freckles in childhood asJ a le-lescen-ce
were twice as ! kcl io
develop cancerous skin loion
People from Eastern oi
Southern Europe with ctarKer
skin color seemed Ieast mis-ceptib- lc
to skin cancer in con-tra- st
to those of English oi lgin
The ethnic group with the higli-es- t
incidence of melanoma are
the Celts (Irish or Scottin)
The researchers pian tuture
Studies to explore the relatiun-shi- p
of melanoma to ocxupj-tion- al
factors drugs and diei
The research was suppoued
by the National Cancei Insii- -
Lpttario Aug 25
Winning numbers were 7 11
16 27 30 31 The bonus num-ber
was 21 AH six regular num-bers
vvere worth $30827610 but the winning combination
was not selected Any five of
the six regular numbers plus
the bonus number won $28654-9- 0
Any five regular numbers
won $110680 Any four regular
numbers won $2710 Any three
regular numbers won $5 Early
bird numbers vvere 4 8 13 38
AH four numbers on a ticket
purchased by Wednesday won
$11570
Lotto SS9 Aug 2S
VVinning numbers vvere 5 11
12 16 24 28 The bonus num-ber
vvas 34 Ali six regular num- bers won $116601520 Any
five of the six regular numbers
plus the bonus number vvon
$11012360 Any five regular
numbers vvon $94620 Any four
regular numbers vvon -- $3410
Any three regular numbers
vvon $10
The vvinning numbers for $1
million vvere 2722806 2043587
1584056 1401944 last 6 digits
vvon $50000 last 5 digits vvon
$5000 last 4 digits vvon $500
last 3 digits vvon $100 last 2
digits vvon $10 Winning num- bers for $100000 vvere
806B152 403A639 662B886
676A235 136B619
Winfario Aug 30
The vvinning number for
$200000 vvas A184028 AU six
digits vvon $25000 the first 5 or
last 5 digits vvon $5000 the
first 4 or last 4 digits vvon $100
the first 3 or last 3 digits vvon
$10 VVinning numbers for
$100000 vvere: D086171
B550363 C707145 Other prizes:
$10000 — 209449 702988
$1000 — 82343 $100 — 0894
$50 — 4 4 7 8 8 8 in any
order $10 — 320 VVhVfall —
70 Mystery Bonus — 509213
Pot o' Gold Aug 30
The vvinning number for
$125000 vvas 858549 Winning
numbers for $10000 vvere:
414437 687521 392104 797996
677524 221799 406675
Provincial Aug 31
The vvinning number for
$500000 vvas 3377097 The last
6 digits vvon $50000 last 5
digits vvon $1000 last 4 digits
vvon $100 last 3 digits vvon $25
last 2 digits vvon $10
tute of Canada Health and
VVelfare Canada and the
Alberta Heritage Trust Fund
(Canadian Science New)
of arms and in its quest for military superiority Far from
strengthening European security Lev Tolkunov chairman
of the committee pointed out each new mlssile and each
new nuclear warhead undermines it More and more West
Europeans are now coming to realize this
Is there a way out of the situation? Yes indeed there is
The conference participants poinited to the need to stop
the further deployment of American medium-rang- e nuclear
missiles in Western Europe to remove them from our con-tine- nt
If every nuclear power pledged itself—as the Soviet
Union has already done— not to be the first to use nuclear
weapons that would go a long way towards preventing a
nuclear war A reduction in military spending the freeing of
Europe from chemica! weapons the establishment of nu-clear-f- ree
zones on the continent he prevention of the
spread of the arms race to outer space—ali that would con-tribute
to the strengthening of peace and security The'
Soviet Union has clear-c-ut constructive proposals on ali
these problems which might make the return to' European
detente a realistic proposition v
The Soviet publie is an active participant in Ihe world
and European anti-w- ar movement "We call on theEu-ropea- n
peace-lovin- g publie on ali people of göod wJIIn
the address adopted at the meeting says "to takestill more
vigorous and purposeful action to avert the threaf of a-n- u- Iv VC?"v
H ZHOtKVfifi
nli